Although the James Webb Space Telescope was built primarily for looking back at the earliest and most distant galaxies, it can also be used for a host of other scientific observations — including looking at targets right here in our own solar system. Webb will perform a major study of Jupiter and has already imaged Neptune. Now, Webb has been used to get a fascinating look at our planetary neighbor, Mars.
It’s actually pretty difficult for Webb to study Mars because it is so close, and therefore very bright in both the visible light portion of the spectrum and in the infrared wavelengths at which Webb observes. The brightness can oversaturate the detectors which are designed to pick up very faint light sources. But Webb’s NIRCam camera was able to capture the martian surface, with two images captured at different wavelengths shown below.
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Webb’s first images of Mars, captured by its NIRCam instrument Sept. 5, 2022 [Guaranteed Time Observation Program 1415]. Left: Reference map of the observed hemisphere of Mars from NASA and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Top right: NIRCam image showing 2.1-micron (F212 filter) reflected sunlight, revealing surface features such as craters and dust layers. Bottom right: Simultaneous NIRCam image showing ~4.3-micron (F430M filter) emitted light that reveals temperature differences with latitude and time of day, as well as darkening of the Hellas Basin caused by atmospheric effects. The bright yellow area is just at the saturation limit of the detector.NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Mars JWST/GTO teamThe shorter wavelength image, shown at the top, is similar to a visible light image and shows features like craters and basins. The longer wavelength image, shown below, shows how the planet is radiating heat. The brightest spot is where the sun is directly overhead, with cooler regions toward the poles. The Hellas Basin also appears darker, though this isn’t because of temperature effects but rather due to the effects of altitude and air pressure.
Webb was also able to capture Mars using its spectrometry instruments. These can split light into different wavelengths to see the composition of an object — in this case, looking at the composition of the martian atmosphere as a whole. There are clear indications of carbon dioxide, water, and carbon monoxide, and what is impressive about this is how well the data fits the model of what we already know about Mars’s atmosphere. This shows just how effective Webb’s instruments are for this kind of spectrometry work — and how effective Webb has the potential to be when looking into the atmospheres of exoplanets.
Webb’s first near-infrared spectrum of Mars, captured by the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) Sept. 5, 2022, as part of the Guaranteed Time Observation Program 1415, over 3 slit gratings (G140H, G235H, G395H). The spectrum is dominated by reflected sunlight at wavelengths shorter than 3 microns and thermal emission at longer wavelengths. Preliminary analysis reveals the spectral dips appear at specific wavelengths where light is absorbed by molecules in Mars’ atmosphere, specifically carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. Other details reveal information about dust, clouds, and surface features. By constructing a best-fit model of the spectrum, for example, the Planetary Spectrum Generator, abundances of given molecules in the atmosphere can be derived.NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Mars JWST/GTO team
The research using this Webb data is still being worked on and has not yet been published or peer-reviewed, so it shouldn’t be taken as definitive. But it goes to show just how versatile a tool Webb can be, with more Webb data on Mars still to come.
Scientists have found a hidden galaxy inside the Milky Way, and they’re calling it Loki
A lost dwarf galaxy may be hiding inside the Milky Way.
Our home galaxy has a secret buried inside. A new study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests that the Milky Way swallowed an ancient dwarf galaxy billions of years ago, and its stellar remains are still embedded within ours.
Researchers have named this lost galaxy Loki, after the Norse trickster god, and the name is quite fitting because it remained hidden in plain sight for a very long time.
NASA aims September launch for Roman space telescope and it’s going to be a huge shift
An earlier target for Roman means one of NASA’s most ambitious observatories is getting close, with the potential to open a huge new era in space discovery
NASA is now aiming to launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope as soon as early September 2026, a faster timeline than its earlier commitment to fly no later than May 2027. That alone makes this one of the agency’s most important missions to watch over the next few months.
The reason is simple, Roman is built to scan vast parts of the sky with sharp infrared vision.
Blue Origin successfully re-uses a New Glenn rocket for the first time ever
Blue Origin achieves first New Glenn reflight despite payload setback
Blue Origin has achieved a major milestone in its spaceflight ambitions by successfully reusing a booster from its heavy-lift New Glenn rocket for the first time. The historic launch, conducted on April 19, marks a significant step forward for Jeff Bezos’ space company as it seeks to compete with rivals like SpaceX in the rapidly evolving commercial launch market.
